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Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.
The types in C can be classified as follows −
Sr.No. | Types & Description |
---|---|
1 | Basic Types They are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer types and (b) floating-point types. |
2 | Enumerated types They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables that can only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the program. |
3 | The type void The type specifier void indicates that no value is available. |
4 | Derived types They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d) Union types and (e) Function types. |
The array types and structure types are referred collectively as the aggregate types. The type of a function specifies the type of the function's return value. We will see the basic types in the following section, where as other types will be covered in the upcoming chapters.
Integer Types
The following table provides the details of standard integer types with their storage sizes and value ranges −
Type | Storage size | Value range |
---|---|---|
char | 1 byte | -128 to 127 or 0 to 255 |
unsigned char | 1 byte | 0 to 255 |
signed char | 1 byte | -128 to 127 |
int | 2 or 4 bytes | -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 |
unsigned int | 2 or 4 bytes | 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295 |
short | 2 bytes | -32,768 to 32,767 |
unsigned short | 2 bytes | 0 to 65,535 |
long | 8 bytes | -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 |
unsigned long | 8 bytes | 0 to 18446744073709551615 |
To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the sizeof operator. The expressions sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type in bytes. Given below is an example to get the size of various type on a machine using different constant defined in limits.h header file −
When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result on Linux −
Floating-Point Types
The following table provide the details of standard floating-point types with storage sizes and value ranges and their precision −
Type | Storage size | Value range | Precision |
---|---|---|---|
float | 4 byte | 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 | 6 decimal places |
double | 8 byte | 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 | 15 decimal places |
long double | 10 byte | 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 | 19 decimal places |
The header file float.h defines macros that allow you to use these values and other details about the binary representation of real numbers in your programs. The following example prints the storage space taken by a float type and its range values −
When you compile and execute the above program, it produces the following result on Linux −
The void Type
The void type specifies that no value is available. It is used in three kinds of situations −
Sr.No. | Types & Description |
---|---|
1 | Function returns as void There are various functions in C which do not return any value or you can say they return void. A function with no return value has the return type as void. For example, void exit (int status); |
2 | Function arguments as void There are various functions in C which do not accept any parameter. A function with no parameter can accept a void. For example, int rand(void); |
3 | Pointers to void A pointer of type void * represents the address of an object, but not its type. For example, a memory allocation function void *malloc( size_t size ); returns a pointer to void which can be casted to any data type. |
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An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators −
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Misc Operators
We will, in this chapter, look into the way each operator works.
Arithmetic Operators
The following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two operands. | A + B = 30 |
− | Subtracts second operand from the first. | A − B = -10 |
* | Multiplies both operands. | A * B = 200 |
/ | Divides numerator by de-numerator. | B / A = 2 |
% | Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division. | B % A = 0 |
++ | Increment operator increases the integer value by one. | A++ = 11 |
-- | Decrement operator decreases the integer value by one. | A-- = 9 |
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Relational Operators
The following table shows all the relational operators supported by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If yes, then the condition becomes true. | (A B) is not true. | |
!= | Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. If the values are not equal, then the condition becomes true. | (A != B) is true. |
> | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. | (A > B) is not true. |
< | Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. | (A < B) is true. |
>= | Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. | (A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand. If yes, then the condition becomes true. | (A <= B) is true. |
Logical Operators
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
&& | Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true. | (A && B) is false. |
|| | Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then the condition becomes true. | (A || B) is true. |
! | Called Logical NOT Operator. It is used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false. | !(A && B) is true. |
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows −
p | q | p & q | p | q | p ^ q |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
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~A = 1100 0011
The following table lists the bitwise operators supported by C. Assume variable 'A' holds 60 and variable 'B' holds 13, then −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
& | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) = 12, i.e., 0000 1100 |
| | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) = 61, i.e., 0011 1101 |
^ | Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. | (A ^ B) = 49, i.e., 0011 0001 |
~ | Binary One's Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. | (~A ) = ~(60), i.e,. -0111101 |
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A << 2 = 240 i.e., 1111 0000 |
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 = 15 i.e., 0000 1111 |
Assignment Operators
The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C |
+= | Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. | C += A is equivalent to C = C + A |
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A |
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A |
/= | Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A |
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. | C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A |
<<= | Left shift AND assignment operator. | C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 |
>>= | Right shift AND assignment operator. | C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator. | C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 |
^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. | C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |
|= | Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. | C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |
Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary
Besides the operators discussed above, there are a few other important operators including sizeof and ? : supported by the C Language.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
sizeof() | Returns the size of a variable. | sizeof(a), where a is integer, will return 4. |
& | Returns the address of a variable. | &a; returns the actual address of the variable. |
* | Pointer to a variable. | *a; |
? : | Conditional Expression. | If Condition is true ? then value X : otherwise value Y |
Operators Precedence in C
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator.
C# Macro For Line Number
For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.
C To F
Category | Operator | Associativity |
---|---|---|
Postfix | () [] -> . ++ - - | Left to right |
Unary | + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof | Right to left |
Multiplicative | * / % | Left to right |
Additive | + - | Left to right |
Shift | << >> | Left to right |
Relational | < <= > >= | Left to right |
Equality | != | Left to right |
Bitwise AND | & | Left to right |
Bitwise XOR | ^ | Left to right |
Bitwise OR | | | Left to right |
Logical AND | && | Left to right |
Logical OR | || | Left to right |
Conditional | ?: | Right to left |
Assignment | = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= | Right to left |
Comma | , | Left to right |